ibioseminars2011.10.8---Elaine Fuchs :幹細胞

ibioseminars2011.10.8---Elaine Fuchs :幹細胞

Elaine Fuchs Part 1: Introduction to Stem Cells English Subtitle
ibioseminars 於 2011-10-08 上傳

http://www.ibioseminars.org/lectures/cell-bio-a-med/elaine-fuchs.html

During embryogenesis, a single fertilized oocyte gives rise to a multicellular organism whose cells and tissues have adopted differentiated characteristics or fates to perform the specified functions of each organ of the body. As embryos develop, cells that have acquired their particular fate proliferate, enabling tissues and organs to grow. Even after an animal is fully grown, however, many tissues and organs maintain a process known as homeostasis, where as cells die, either by natural death or by injury, they are replenished. This remarkable feature has ancient origins, dating back to the most primitive animals, such as sponges and hydrozoans. The fabulous ability of an embryo to diversify and of certain adult tissues to regenerate throughout life is a direct result of stem cells, nature's gift to multicellular organisms.

Stem cells have both the capacity to self-renew, that is, to divide and create additional stem cells, and also to differentiate along a specified molecular pathway. Embryonic stem cells are very nearly totipotent, reserving the elite privileges of choosing among most if not all of the differentiation pathways that specify the animal. In contrast, stem cells that reside within an adult organ or tissue have more restricted options, often able to select a differentiation program from only a few possible pathways, which still can make them valuable for tissue regeneration in a clinical setting. Long-standing examples of such successes include bone marrow transplants in immune disorders, including cancers, and skin culture grafts to replace epidermis damaged from burns.

My laboratory studies the stem cells of the skin that can make epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Although only the thickness of cellophane, the epidermis of the skin is responsible for providing protection against harmful microbes and for preventing the evaporation of our essential body fluids. Being at the skin surface, epidermal cells are constantly exposed to wear and tear. Yet they keep regenerating, due to a supply of active stem cells, which create a new epidermis every 4 weeks throughout the course of a lifetime. Skin stem cells also account for why our hairs fall out but regrow, and why our body surface is lubricated with fresh oils and sweat. In this lecture, I discuss the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells, the controversies involved, and their potential for regenerative medicine. Using skin as a model system, I explore the fascinating features of adult stem cells, how they choose among different lineages and how they repair tissues damaged during injury.

伊萊恩福克斯第1部分：介紹幹細胞英文字幕
ibioseminars於 2011年10月8日上傳

http://www.ibioseminars.org/lectures/cell-bio-a-med/elaine-fuchs.html

單一的受精卵胚胎發育過程中，產生一個多細胞生物體的細胞和組織，通過差異化的特點或命運，身體各器官執行指定功能。隨著胚胎發育，已經獲得了他們的特殊命運的細胞增殖，使組織和器官的生長。即使在一個動物是完全成長，然而，許多組織和器官保持動態平衡作為一個過程稱為細胞的死亡，無論是自然死亡或受傷，他們補充。這顯著特徵就是古老的起源，可以追溯到最原始的動物，如海綿和hydrozoans。胚胎多樣化和某些成人組織的神話般的整個生命的再生能力的幹細胞，大自然的恩賜，多細胞有機體的直接結果。

幹細胞具有既要自我更新的能力，即鴻溝，並創造更多的幹細胞，同時也為區分沿指定的分子途徑。胚胎幹細胞是全能非常接近，如果不指定的動物的分化途徑，選擇保留精英的特權。相比之下，居住在一個成人的器官或組織的幹細胞有更多的限制，往往能夠從只有幾個可能的途徑，還可以使他們寶貴的組織再生在臨床上選擇分化程序。長期堅持這些成功的例子包括免疫功能紊亂包括癌症的骨髓移植，並更換受損的表皮被燒傷的皮膚文化移植。

我的實驗室研究，可以使皮膚表皮，皮脂腺和毛囊的幹細胞。雖然只有玻璃紙厚度，皮膚的表皮層負責提供保護，防止有害微生物，並防止我們的重要體液蒸發。在皮膚表面，表皮細胞不斷受到磨損。然而，他們不斷再生，由於活躍的幹細胞，創建整個一生中的一個新的表皮，每4週的供應。皮膚幹細胞還佔，為什麼我們的頭髮掉光了，但再生，為什麼我們的身體表面是用新鮮的油脂和汗水的潤滑。在這個演講中，我討論了胚胎和成年幹細胞，所涉及的爭議，和再生醫學的潛力之間的差異。作為一個模型系統中使用的皮膚，我探索迷人的成人幹細胞的功能，他們是如何選擇不同的譜系和他們在損傷修復受損的組織。
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Elaine Fuchs Part 2: Tapping the Potential English Subtitle
bioseminars 於 2011-10-08 上傳

http://www.ibioseminars.org/lectures/cell-bio-a-med/elaine-fuchs/elaine-fuchs...

During embryogenesis, a single fertilized oocyte gives rise to a multicellular organism whose cells and tissues have adopted differentiated characteristics or fates to perform the specified functions of each organ of the body. As embryos develop, cells that have acquired their particular fate proliferate, enabling tissues and organs to grow. Even after an animal is fully grown, however, many tissues and organs maintain a process known as homeostasis, where as cells die, either by natural death or by injury, they are replenished. This remarkable feature has ancient origins, dating back to the most primitive animals, such as sponges and hydrozoans. The fabulous ability of an embryo to diversify and of certain adult tissues to regenerate throughout life is a direct result of stem cells, nature's gift to multicellular organisms.

Stem cells have both the capacity to self-renew, that is, to divide and create additional stem cells, and also to differentiate along a specified molecular pathway. Embryonic stem cells are very nearly totipotent, reserving the elite privileges of choosing among most if not all of the differentiation pathways that specify the animal. In contrast, stem cells that reside within an adult organ or tissue have more restricted options, often able to select a differentiation program from only a few possible pathways, which still can make them valuable for tissue regeneration in a clinical setting. Long-standing examples of such successes include bone marrow transplants in immune disorders, including cancers, and skin culture grafts to replace epidermis damaged from burns.

My laboratory studies the stem cells of the skin that can make epidermis, sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Although only the thickness of cellophane, the epidermis of the skin is responsible for providing protection against harmful microbes and for preventing the evaporation of our essential body fluids. Being at the skin surface, epidermal cells are constantly exposed to wear and tear. Yet they keep regenerating, due to a supply of active stem cells, which create a new epidermis every 4 weeks throughout the course of a lifetime. Skin stem cells also account for why our hairs fall out but regrow, and why our body surface is lubricated with fresh oils and sweat. In this lecture, I discuss the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells, the controversies involved, and their potential for regenerative medicine. Using skin as a model system, I explore the fascinating features of adult stem cells, how they choose among different lineages and how they repair tissues damaged during injury.

伊萊恩福克斯第2部分：挖潛英文字幕
bioseminars於 2011年10月8日上傳

http://www.ibioseminars.org/lectures/cell-bio-a-med/elaine-fuchs/elaine-fuchs ...

單一的受精卵胚胎發育過程中，產生一個多細胞生物體的細胞和組織，通過差異化的特點或命運，身體各器官執行指定功能。隨著胚胎發育，已經獲得了他們的特殊命運的細胞增殖，使組織和器官的生長。即使在一個動物是完全成長，然而，許多組織和器官保持動態平衡作為一個過程稱為細胞的死亡，無論是自然死亡或受傷，他們補充。這顯著特徵就是古老的起源，可以追溯到最原始的動物，如海綿和hydrozoans。胚胎多樣化和某些成人組織的神話般的整個生命的再生能力的幹細胞，大自然的恩賜，多細胞有機體的直接結果。

幹細胞具有既要自我更新的能力，即鴻溝，並創造更多的幹細胞，同時也為區分沿指定的分子途徑。胚胎幹細胞是全能非常接近，如果不指定的動物的分化途徑，選擇保留精英的特權。相比之下，居住在一個成人的器官或組織的幹細胞有更多的限制，往往能夠從只有幾個可能的途徑，還可以使他們寶貴的組織再生在臨床上選擇分化程序。長期堅持這些成功的例子包括免疫功能紊亂包括癌症的骨髓移植，並更換受損的表皮被燒傷的皮膚文化移植。

我的實驗室研究，可以使皮膚表皮，皮脂腺和毛囊的幹細胞。雖然只有玻璃紙厚度，皮膚的表皮層負責提供保護，防止有害微生物，並防止我們的重要體液蒸發。在皮膚表面，表皮細胞不斷受到磨損。然而，他們不斷再生，由於活躍的幹細胞，創建整個一生中的一個新的表皮，每4週的供應。皮膚幹細胞還佔，為什麼我們的頭髮掉光了，但再生，為什麼我們的身體表面是用新鮮的油脂和汗水的潤滑。在這個演講中，我討論了胚胎和成年幹細胞，所涉及的爭議，和再生醫學的潛力之間的差異。作為一個模型系統中使用的皮膚，我探索迷人的成人幹細胞的功能，他們是如何選擇不同的譜系和他們在損傷修復受損的組織。